# TB-500 References: The Cited Thymosin Beta-4 Research Record

> TB-500 references: the full citation list behind this board — the thymosin beta-4 structural, wound, cardiac, stroke, hair-follicle, human Phase 1, and FDA regulatory sources, with DOIs and PubMed links.

The peer-reviewed studies and the FDA regulatory pages behind each status card, with DOIs and PubMed identifiers. Where a finding used full-length thymosin beta-4, the citation makes that plain.

## About this reference list

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered entry below. The literature entries are peer-reviewed studies and reviews; the regulatory entries are primary FDA pages, cited for the present-tense 503A status, the scheduled 2026 advisory-committee discussion, and the compounding framework. The recurring annotation across the list — full-length thymosin beta-4 versus the Ac-LKKTETQ fragment — is the distinction the whole board is built to preserve [1][5]. Full citations, with DOIs and PubMed or FDA URLs, are listed in the references index.

## References

[1] Irobi E, Aguda AH, Larsson M, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. (Establishes the Ac-LKKTETQ / thymosin beta-4 actin-binding identity used throughout.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329672/
[2] Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. (Full-length thymosin beta-4, rat wound model.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[3] Irobi E, Aguda AH, Larsson M, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. (2 Å crystal structure; 1:1 G-actin sequestration by dual-end capping.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329672/
[4] Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. (Mouse; PINCH–ILK–Akt; full-length thymosin beta-4.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/
[5] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. (Cited for the absence of completed controlled human trials of the TB-500 fragment and the scarce-human-safety-data status.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[6] Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. (Human Phase 1; full-length thymosin beta-4; well tolerated to 1260 mg IV.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/
[7] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. (Review; consolidated mechanism of full-length thymosin beta-4.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/
[8] Sosne G, Rimmer D, Kleinman HK, et al. Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1458684. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39380984/
[9] Philp D, Nguyen M, Scheremeta B, et al. Thymosin beta4 increases hair growth by activation of hair follicle stem cells. FASEB J. 2004;18(2):385-387. (Rat and mouse; nanomolar thymosin beta-4; bulge stem-cell activation, MMP-2.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14657002/
[10] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. (Lists TB-500 and BPC-157 as unapproved; basis for the WADA, racehorse-detection, and tumor-signal framing.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[11] Morris DC, Cui Y, Cheung WL, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. (Rat embolic MCAo; 2, 12, 18 mg/kg IP; non-monotonic; optimal modeled ~3.75 mg/kg. Also cited for animal mg/kg dose ranges and the mdx null-strength result context.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060418/
[12] Morris DC, Chopp M, Zhang L, et al. Thymosin beta4 improves functional neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke. Neuroscience. 2010;169(2):674-682. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20627173/
[13] Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:95-103. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17947589/
[14] Gao X, Liang H, Hou F, et al. Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair Growth. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0130040. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26083021/
[15] Philp D, Badamchian M, Scheremeta B, et al. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125(2):113-115. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15037013/
[16] Xiao X, Li S, Jia H, et al. Multiple potential roles of thymosin β4 in the growth and development of hair follicles. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25(2):570-580. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33393222/
[17] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. (Lists "Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500" as 503A Category 2, effective with the September 29, 2023 nominated-substances update; safety rationale includes potential immunogenicity for certain routes and a lack of important safety information.) https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks
[18] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (advisory committee calendar). (Lists "TB-500 (free base)" / "TB-500 acetate" — alongside BPC-157, KPV, and MOTs-C — as substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List; a scheduled discussion, not a decision.) https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026
[19] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. (Basis for the 503A/503B compounding framework, the bulk-substance eligibility rules, the nomination/PCAC process, and the licensed-prescriber → valid-prescription → 503A/503B access pathway with telehealth as a front-end channel.) https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act

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The TB-500 record sorted onto one flat status board — each study dropped into its evidence row, the Ac-LKKTETQ fragment kept apart from its parent protein thymosin beta-4, and the empty human-trial row left in plain sight; no clinic stands behind the board and nothing here is dispensed or sold.